Cardiovascular System Physiology - Cardiac Output (stroke volume, heart rate, preload and afterload)

Four Determinants of Cardiac Output

Covers cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, preload, and afterload.

cardiac outputstroke volumeheart ratepreloadafterloadcontractilitydiastolesystoleventricleaortapulmonary trunkend diastolic volumemyocardiumchronotropicinotropicsympathetic stimulationparasympathetic stimulationvenous returnblood volumeatrial contractionnorepinephrineepinephrineacetylcholineatropineadenosinedobutaminebeta blockerscalcium channel blockershypertensionvasoconstriction

Notes

CO = HR x SV = beats/min x ml/beat = ml/min